References

  1. Hoyert DL, Heron MP, Murphy SL, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2006;54:1-120.
  2. Anderson RN, Smith BL. Deaths: leading causes for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2003;52:1-85.
  3. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:157-160.
  4. Manton KG, Corder L, Stallard E. Chronic disability trends in elderly United States populations: 1982-1994. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:2593-2598.
  5. Little JW, Miller CS, Henry RG, McIntosh BA. Antithrombotic agents: implications in dentistry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93:544-551.
  6. Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 2: Coagulopathies from drugs. Brit Dent J. 2003;195:495-501.
  7. Wahl MJ. Myths of dental surgery in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. JADA. 2000;131:77-81.
  8. Jeske AH, Suchko GD. Lack of a scientific basis for routine discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy before dental treatment. JADA. 2003;134:1492-1497.
  9. Mulligan R, Weitzel KG. Pretreatment management of the patient receiving anticoagulant drugs. JADA. 1988;117:479-483.
  10. Ziffer AM, Scopp IW, Beck J, Baum J, Berger AR. Profound bleeding after dental extractions during dicumarol therapy. N Engl J Med. 1957;256:351-353.
  11. Scopp IW, Fredrics H. Dental extractions in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1958;11:470-474.
  12. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Thirty-third report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1983;687:81-105.
  13. Spolarich AE. Understanding pharmacology: the pharmacologic history. Access. 1995;9:33-35.
  14. Spolarich AE. Understanding pharmacology: risk assessment. Access. 1996;10:36-39.
  15. National Institutes of Health [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: NIH; 2005 Jan 13; [cited 2006 Jun 5]. An NIH Conference on Dietary Supplements, Coagulation, and Antithrombotic Therapies. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/coagulation/summary.htm
  16. Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Kelly K, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165: 281-286.
  17. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280:1569-1575.
  18. Norred CL, Zamudio S, Palmer SK. Use of complementary and alternative medicines by surgical patients. AANA J. 2000;68:13-18.
  19. Kaye AD, Clarke RC, Sabar R, Vig S, Dhawan KP, Hofbauer R, Kaye AM. Herbal medicines: current trends in anesthesiology practice – a hospital survey. J Clin Anesth. 2000;12:468-471.
  20. Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan CS. Herbal medicines and perioperative care. JAMA. 2001;286:208-216.
  21. Barnes PM, Powell-Griner, E, McFann K, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Adv Data. 2004;343:1-19.
  22. Blumenthal M. Herb sales down 7.4 percent in mainstream market. HerbalGram. 2005; 66:63.
  23. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: NIH; 2005 Jan 10; [cited 2006 Jun 5]. National Conference to Examine Effects of Dietary Supplements in Patients taking Blood Thinning Medications. Available from: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/new/press/05-01-10.htm.
  24. Ervin RB, Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Use of dietary supplements in the United States, 1988-94. Vital Health Stat II. 1999;244:i-iii,1-14.
  25. Paschel, J. Natural sensibility: providing insight to the natural products marketplace. [Available on the Internet]. The Hartman Group: The Vitamin, Mineral and Herbal Supplement Consumer. [cited 2005 Jul 19]. Available from: http://www.hartman-group.com/products/natsens/issueI-01.html
  26. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 2000. p. 419-429.
  27. Wynn RL, Bergman SA. Drugs and herbal remedies that affect blood clotting. Gen Dent. 2002;50:484-488, 490.
  28. American College of Chest Physicians. Sixth ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy. Chest. 2001;119(1 suppl):1S-370S.
  29. Wynn RL, Meiller TF, Crossley HL. Drug Information Handbook for Dentistry. 10th ed. Hudson: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2005.
  30. Geerts W, Heit JA, Clagett G, Pineo GF, Colwell CW, Anderson FA, Jr., Wheeler HB. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2001;119 (1 Suppl):S132-S175.
  31. Koopman MM, Prandoni P, Piovella F, Ockelford PA, Brandjes DP, van der Meer J, Gallus AS, Simonneau G, Chesterman CH, Prins MH. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. The Tasmin Study Group. N Eng J Med. 1996;334:682-687.
  32. Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, LeClerc J, Anderson D, Weitz J, Ginsberg J, Turpie AG, Demers C, Kovacs M. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Eng J Med. 1996;334:677-681.
  33. Harenberg J, Huhle G, Piazolo L, Giese C, Heene DL. Long-term anticoagulation of outpatients with adverse events to oral anticoagulants using low-molecular-weight heparin. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1997;23:167-172.
  34. Pellegrini VD, Clement D, Lush-Ehrmann C, Keller GS, Evarts CM. Natural history of thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;333:27-40.
  35. Sikorski JM, Hampson WG, Staddon GE. The natural history and aetiology of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B:171-177.
  36. Trowbrige A, Boese CK, Woodruff B, Brindley HH, Sr., Lowry WE, Spiro TE. Incidence of post hospitalization proximal deep venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;299:203-208.
  37. Lotke PA, Steinberg ME, Ecker MI. Significance of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity after total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;299:25-30.
  38. Reinhard F, Ravnan MC, Matalka MS. Low-molecular-weight heparins: review of their role for unstable angina/non-Q-wave MI. Formulary. 2000;35:970-978.
  39. Choonara IA, Malia RG, Haynes BP, Hay CR, Cholerton S, Breckenridge AM, Preston FE, Park BK. The relationship between inhibition of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase and reduction of clotting factor activity with warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1988;25:1-7.
  40. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, Nickerson DA, Eby CS, McLeod HL, Blough DK, Thummel KE, Veenstra DL, Rettie AE. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2285-2293.
  41. Dhond AJ, Michelena HI, Ezekowitz MD. Anticoagulation in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003;12:243-250.
  42. Arjomand H, Cohen M, Ezekowitz MD. Combination antithrombotic therapy with antiplatelet agents and anticoagulation for patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:271-278.
  43. Landefeld CS, Beyth RJ. Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention. Am J Med. 1993;95:315-328.
  44. Fihn SD, McDonell M, Martin D, Henikoff J, Vermes D, Kent D, White RH. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation: a multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-Up Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:511-520.
  45. Jacobs JG. The use of oral anticoagulants (warfarin) in older people. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003 12(3):153-160, 177.
  46. Brigden ML. When bleeding complicates oral anticoagulant therapy; how to anticipate, investigate and treat. Postgrad Med. 1995;98:153-168.
  47. Hirsh J. Use of warfarin (coumarin). Heart Dis Stroke 1993;2:209-216.
  48. Brigden ML. Oral anticoagulant therapy; newer indications and an improved method of monitoring. Postgrad Med. 1992;91:285-296.
  49. Lousberg TR, Witt DM, Beall DG, Carter BL, Malone DC. Evaluation of excessive anticoagulation in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:528-534.
  50. Shetty HG, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Routledge PA. Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67:13-15.
  51. Whitling AM, Bussey HI, Lyons RM. Comparing different routes and doses of phytonadione for reversing excessive anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2136-2140.
  52. Pengo V, Banzato A, Garelli E, Zasso A, Biasiolo A. Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation: low oral dose of phytonadione (vitamin K1) compared with warfarin discontinuation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1993;4:739-741.
  53. Kumar S, Haigh JR, Rhodes LE, Peaker S, Davies JA, Roberts BE, Feely MP. Poor compliance is a major factor in unstable outpatient control of anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost. 1989;62:729-732.
  54. Richton-Hewett S, Foster E, Apstein CS. Medical and economic consequences of a blinded oral anticoagulant brand change at a municipal hospital. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:806-808.
  55. Hylek EM. Oral anticoagulants: pharmacologic issues for use in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001;17:1-13.
  56. Booth SL, Summa MA. Vitamin K: a practical guide to the dietary management of patients on warfarin. Nutr Clin Care. 1998;1:117.
  57. Heck AM, DeWitt B, Lukes A. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000;57:1221-1227.
  58. Havrda DE, Mai T, Chonlahan J. Enhanced antithrombotic effect of warfarin associated with low-dose alcohol consumption. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:303-307.
  59. Rice PJ, Perry RJ, Afzal Z, Stockley IH. Antibacterial prescribing and warfarin: a review. Br Dent J. 2003;194:411-415.
  60. Herman WW, Konzelman JL, Sutley SH. Current perspectives on dental patients receiving coumarin anticoagulant therapy. JADA. 1997;128:327-335.
  61. Wood GD, Deeble T. Warfarin: dangers with antibiotics. Dent Update. 1993;20:350-353.
  62. Weisman SM. Weighing the benefits and risks of aspirin in primary and secondary prevention of ischemic vascular events. Cardiovasc Rev Rep. 2004; 25:58-65.
  63. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy – I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ. 1994;308:81-106.
  64. Malamed SF. Managing medical emergencies. JADA. 1993;124:40-53.
  65. Stafford RS. Aspirin use is low among United States outpatients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000; 101:1097-1101.
  66. Eidelman RS, Hebert PK, Weisman SM, Hennekens CH. An update on aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2006-2010.
  67. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Fair JM, Fortmann SP, Franklin BA, Goldstein LB, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hong Y, Miller NH, Lauer RM, Ockene IS, Sacco RL, Sallis JF, Jr., Smith SC, Jr., Stone NJ, Taubert KA. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update. Consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Circulation. 2002;106:388-391.
  68. Hayden M, Pignone M, Phillips C, Mulrow C. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:161-172.
  69. Weisman SM, Graham DY. Evaluation of the benefits and risks of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2197-2202.
  70. He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1998;280:1930-1935.
  71. Szczeklik A, Sanak M, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Kielbasa B. Aspirin intolerance and the cyclooxygenase-leukotriene pathways. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004;10:51-56.
  72. Price S. Some patients need more than aspirin. Pharmacy Today. 2002;8:7, 35.
  73. Hart RG, Leonard AD, Talbert RL, Pearce LA, Cornell E, Bovill E, Feinberg WM. Aspirin dosage and thromboxane synthesis in patients with vascular disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:579-584.
  74. Hankey GJ, Sudlow CLM, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridine derivatives or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vascular events in patients at high risk for vascular disease? A systematic review of the evidence from randomized trials. Stroke. 2000;31:1779-1784.
  75. Naseer N, Aijaz A, Saleem MA, Nelson J, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH. Ticlopidine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Heart Dis. 2001;3:221-223.
  76. Goldenberg NA, Jacobson L, Manco-Johnson MJ. Platelet function may normalize by 24 hours after last ibuprofen dose. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:506-509.
  77. Fitzgerald GA, Patrono C. The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Eng J Med. 2001;345:433-442.
  78. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Varas C, Patrono C. Differential effects of aspirin and non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2000;11:382-387.
  79. Catella-Lawson F, McAdam B, Morrison BW, Kapoor S, Kujubu D, Antes L, Lasseter KC, Quan H, Gertz BJ, FitzGerald GA. Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:735-741.
  80. Schlienger RG, Jick H, Meier CR. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;54:327-332.
  81. Solomon DH, Glynn RJ, Levin R, Avorn J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1099-1104.
  82. Ray WA, Stein CM, Hall K, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:118-123.
  83. Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Cai B, Guess HA. Lower risk of thromboembolic cardiovascular events with naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1105-1110.
  84. Rahme E, Pilote L, LeLorier J. Association between naproxen use and protection against acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1111-1115.
  85. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B, Day R, Ferraz MB, Hawkey CJ, Hochberg MC, Krien TK, Schnitzer TJ, VIGOR Study Group. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1520-1528.
  86. Mamdani M, Rochon P, Juurlink DN, Anderson GM, Kopp A, Naglie G, Austin PC, Laupacis A. Effect of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and naproxen on short-term risk of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:481-486.
  87. Kimmel SE, Berlin JA, Reilly M, Jaskowiak J, Kishel L, Chittams J, Strom BL. The effects of nonselective non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications on the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and their interaction with aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:985-990.
  88. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Varas-Lorenzo C, Maguire A, Gonzalez-Perez A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Circulation. 2004;109:3000-3006.
  89. Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, Cucchiara AJ, DeMarco S, Tournier B, Vyas SN, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1809-1817.
  90. MacDonald TM, Wei L. Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin. Lancet. 2003;361:573-574.
  91. Kurth T, Glynn RJ, Walker AM, Chan KA, Buring JE, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM. Inhibition of clinical benefits of aspirin on first myocardial infarction by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Circulation. 2003;108:1191-1195.
  92. Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, Jick H, Meier CR. Current use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:503-510.
  93. McAdam BF, Catella-Lawson F, Mardini IA, Kapoor S, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:272-277.
  94. Smith L, Ernst E. Ewings P, Myers P, Smith C. Co-ingestion of herbal medicines and warfarin. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54:439-41.
  95. Izzo AA, Ernst, E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001:61:2163-2175.
  96. Ciocon, JO, Ciocon, DG, Galindo, DJ. Dietary supplements in primary care. Botanicals can affect surgical outcomes and follow up. Geriatrics. 2004;59:20-24.
  97. Evans, V. Herbs and the brain: friend or foe? The effects of ginkgo and garlic on warfarin use. J Neuro Nurs. 2000;32:229-32.
  98. Apitz-Castro R, Cabrera S, Cruz MR, Ledezma E, Jain MK. Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet ultrastructure. Thromb Res. 1983;32:155-169.
  99. MacDonald JA, Marchand ME, Langler RF. Improving upon the in vitro biological activity of antithrombotic disulfides. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2004; 15(6):447-450.
  100. Heck, AM, DeWitt, BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57:1221-1227.
  101. Abebe W. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27:391-401.
  102. Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmerman R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis. 1988;74:247-249.
  103. Jain RC. Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977;30:1380-1381.
  104. Mills S, Bone K. Principles and practice of phytotherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 405, 418.
  105. Chung KF, Dent G, McCusker M, Guinot P, Page CP, Barnes PJ. Effect of ginkgolide mixture (BN 52063) in antagonizing skin and platelet responses to platelet activating factor in man. Lancet. 1987; 1:248-251.
  106. Skidmore-Roth L. Mosby’s Handbook of Herbs & Natural Supplements. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2006.
  107. Crews, WD, Harrison DW, Griffin ML, Falwell KD, Crist T, Longest L, Hehenann L, Rey ST. The neuropsychological effect of ginkgo preparations in healthy and cognitively intact adults. HerbalGram. 2005;67: 43-62.
  108. Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of ginkgo biloba extract (letter). N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:1108.
  109. Vale S. Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with ginkgo biloba. Lancet. 1998;352:36.
  110. Meisel C, Johne A, Rotts I. Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen (letter). Atherosclerosis. 2003;167:367.
  111. The Herb Research Foundation. Ginseng. [Available on the Internet]. Boulder: Herb Information Greenpaper; 2001. [cited 2005 Aug 19]. Available from: http:www.herbs.org/greenpapers/ginseng.htm
  112. Hobbs C. Ginseng: The Energy Herb. Colorado: Botanica Press; 1996.
  113. Barnes JS, Bennett C. The Asian Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief. [Available on the Internet]. US Census Bureau; 2002 Feb [about 12 pages]. Available from: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf
  114. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211.
  115. Kuo SC, Teng CM, Lee JC, Ko FN, Chen SC, Wu TS. Antiplatelet components in panax ginseng. Planta Med. 1990;56:164-167.
  116. Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:692-693.
  117. Yuan CS, Wei G, Dey L, Karrison T, Nahlik L, Maleckar S, Kasza K, Ang-Lee M, Moss J. American ginseng reduces warfarin’s effect in healthy patients: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:23-27.
  118. Hopkins MP, Androff L, Benninghoff AS. Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;159:1121-1122.
  119. McCaleb R, Leigh E, Morien K. The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs. California: Prima Health; 1999.
  120. Srivastava KC. Isolation and effects of some ginger components of platelet aggregation and eicosanoid biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1986;25: 187-198.
  121. Vaes L, Chyka P. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Annals Pharmacother. 2000;34:1478-1482.
  122. Abebe W. An overview of herbal supplement utilization with particular emphasis on possible interactions with dental drugs and oral manifestations. J Dent Hyg. 2003; 77:37-46.
  123. National Institutes of Health [homepage on the Internet]. 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2006 [cited 2005 Oct 4]. Available from: http://niaaa.census.gov
  124. Yue Q, Bergquist C, Gerden B. Safety of St John’s wort. Lancet. 2000;355:576-577.
  125. Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000;355:134-138.
  126. Johne A, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Mauer A, Langheinrich M, Roots I. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharm Ther. 1999;66:338-345.
  127. Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 1: Coagulopathies from systemic disease. Brit Dent J. 2003;195:439-445.
  128. Basi DL, Schmiechen NJ. Bleeding and coagulation problems in the dental patient. Hereditary disease and medication-induced risks. Dent Clin North Am. 1999;43:457-470.
  129. Burrell KH, Glick M. Hemostatics, astringents and gingival retraction products. In: Ciancio SG, editor. ADA guide to dental therapeutics. 3rd ed. Chicago: ADA Publishing; 2003. p.104-118.
ŠADHA 2007